Topics

Verbs

Regular and irregular forms

Modals

can (ability; requests; permission)

could (ability; possibility; polite requests)

would (polite requests)

will (offer)

shall (suggestion; offer)

should (advice)

may (possibility)

might (possibility)

have (got) to (obligation)

ought to (obligation)

must (obligation)

mustn't (prohibition)

need (necessity)

needn't (lack of necessity)

used to + infinitive (past habits)

Tenses

Present simple: states, habits, systems and processes (and verbs not used in the continuous form)

Present continuous: future plans and activities, present actions

Present perfect simple: recent past with just, indefinite past with yet, already, never, ever; unfini-

shed past with for and since

Past simple: past events

Past continuous: parallel past actions, continuous actions interrupted by the past simple tense

Past perfect simple: narrative, reported speech

Future with going to

Future with present continuous and present simple

Future with will and shall: offers, promises, predictions, etc.

Verb forms

Affirmative, interrogative, negative

Imperatives

Infinitives (with and without to) after verbs and adjectives

Gerunds (-ing form) after verbs and prepositions

Gerunds as subjects and objects

Passive forms: present and past simple

Verb + object + infinitive give/take/send/ bring/show + direct/indirect object

Causative have/get

So/nor with auxiliaries

Compound verb patterns

Phrasal verbs/verbs with prepositions

Conditional sentences

Type 0: If you heat ice, it melts.

Type 1: If we don't hurry up, we will be late.

Type 2: I would visit you every year if you lived by the coast.

Simple reported speech

Statements, questions and commands: say, ask, tell

He said that he was Spanish.

I asked her if we could go to the party.

He told me what to do.

Indirect and embedded questions: know, wonder

Do you know what he said?

I wondered where they would go.

Interrogatives

What, What (+ noun)

Where; When

Who; Whose; Which

How; How much; How many; How often; How long; etc.

Why

(including the interrogative forms of all tenses and modals listed)

Nouns

Singular and plural (regular and irregular forms)

Countable and uncountable nouns with some and any

Abstract nouns

Compound nouns

Complex noun phrases

Genitive: 's and s'

Double genitive: a friend of mine

Pronouns

Personal (subject, object, possessive)

Reflexive and emphatic: myself, etc.

Impersonal: it, there

Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

Quantitative: one, something, everybody, etc.

Indefinite: some, any, something, one, etc.

Relative: who, which, that, whom, whose

Determiners

a + countable nouns

the + countable/uncountable nouns

Adjectives

Color, size, shape, quality, nationality

Predicative and attributive

Cardinal and ordinal numbers

Possessive: my, your, his, her, etc.

Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

Quantitative: some, any, many, much, a few, a lot of, all, other, every, etc.

Comparative and superlative forms (regular and irregular): (not) as . . . as, not . . . enough to, too .

. . to

Order of adjectives

Participles as adjectives

Compound adjectives

Adverbs: Regular and irregular forms

Manner: quickly, carefully, etc.

Frequency: often, never, twice a day, etc.

Definite time: now, last week, etc.

Indefinite time: already, just, yet, etc.

Degree: very, too, rather, etc.

Place: here, there, etc.

Direction: left, right, along, etc.

Sequence: first, next, etc.

Sentence adverbs: too, either, etc.

Pre-verbal, post-verbal and end position adverbs

Comparative and superlative forms (regular and irregular)

Prepositions

Location: to, on, inside, next to, at (home), etc.

Time: at, on, in, during, etc.

Direction: to, into, out of, from, etc.

Instrument: by, with

Miscellaneous: like, as, due to, owing to, etc.

Prepositional phrases: at the beginning of, by means of, etc.

Prepositions preceding nouns and adjectives: by car, for sale, at last, etc.

Prepositions following nouns and adjectives: advice on, afraid of, etc.

Prepositions following verbs: laugh at, ask for, etc.

Connectives

and, but, or, either . . . or

when, while, until, before, after, as soon as

where

because, since, as, for

so that, (in order) to

so, so . . . that, such . . . that

if, unless, although, while, whereas